ist, i.ethe main idea of the text
It is the method in which the reader reads only the first sentence of each paragraph of a whole passage and then recalls everything and identifies the most important pointsAfter that he/she sets a goal for the assignment and plans how to do intensive reading of the entire document at a slower pace
Scanning 略读
Scanning means to read and locate specific information such as figures, schedules, tables, news heading, etcThe key point in scanning is that students have something in their mind and they should ignore the irrelevant parts when reading
Top-down approach 自上而下模式
It is a model of teaching reading in which the teacher teaches the background knowledge first so that students equipped with such knowledge will be able to guess meaning from the printed page.
Bottom-up approach 自下而上模式
It is a reading model that follows a linear process from the recognition of letters, to words, to phrases, to sentences, to paragraphs, and then to the meaning of the whole text
Distinguishing 辩识
finding the main idea from supporting details
Predicting 预测
guessing what is coming next
SQR Strategy SQR阅读策略
SQR is a five-step procedure made up of Surveying, Questioning, Reading, Reciting, and Reviewing, which can be used for reading a variety of reading materials, including textbooks and journal articles, as long as the structure or organization of the material is not too complex.
The first step is to survey the material for content and organization to create a mental map of the text and selective reading;
The second step is to predict questions that may be answered by the material on the basis of the survey to serve as an individualized knowledge framework or template of the passage to which details may be added later;
The third step is to read the assignment one section at a time for content, search for relationships among the main ideas and their supporting details, look for information that answers the predicted questions, and take note of unexpected ideas;
The fourth step is to recite to actively make mental connections among main ideas and details;
Finally, review the entire chapter or article to see how the information fits together.
PQR Strategy PQR阅读策略
PQR Strategy is a six-step process that involves previewing, questioning, reading, reflecting, reciting, and reviewing
The first stage is to preview the material for content and organization to create a mental map of the text and selective reading;
The second step is to predict questions that may be answered by the material;
The third stage is to carefully read the complete text, unlike SQR to read section by section, recording notes in the margin or underlining important information that answers the predicted questionsIn this stage, reflection phase, information from the entire chapter or article is linked togetherThe reader should attempt to develop insight into the topic and make associations among the important material noted while reading
The fourth stage, recitation, involves summarizing the main points and supporting details of the complete text
In the final stage, review, make sure the predicted questions have been answered and that the author's purpose is fully understood
RAP Strategy RAP阅读策略
The RAP strategy is a three-step approach involves reading, asking questions, and paraphrasing, which targets the reader's ability to understand main ideas and supporting details by emphasizing paraphrasing skills
Read one paragraph of the text at a time;
Ask oneself what the main idea of the paragraph is, then;
Paraphrase the identified details supporting the main idea finally and record them.
REAP Strategy REAP阅读策略
The REAP Strategy is a four-step strategy that involves reading, encoding, annotating, and pondering, armed with ten varieties of annotations, each focusing on different aspects of a text, that help to improve student writing skills, meta-cognitive awareness, and comprehension of main ideas
The first step of the strategy is to read the text.
After reading the text, the information is paraphrased (encoded) by the student into his/her own words in the second step
Annotation of a text that explains and/or critique the text is made in the third stepDifferent aspects of the text are handled differently when writing annotationsAll together there're ten annotations, namely, Summary Annotation; Thesis Annotation; Question Annotation; Critical Annotation; Heuristic Annotation; Intention Annotation; Motivation Annotation; Probe Annotation; Personal View Annotation; Inventive Annotation.
In the fourth step the student evaluates (ponder) the annotation for accuracy and completenessThe teacher should consider how the text relates to other readings, to course objectives, and to classroom activities.
SNIPS Strategy SNIPS阅读策略
The SNIPS Strategy is a five-step reading approach for facilitating on-line processing through interpretation of visual aidsThe steps are: to Start with questions, to Note what can be learned from hints, to Identify what is important, to Plug the important matters into the chapter, and See if you can explain the visual to someone
The first step is to start with questions like "Why am I looking at this visual aid?" The reader then asks questions to determine what kinds of information on which to focus, depending on the type of visual aid presented
In the second step, note what can be learned from hints, look for hints or clues about the meaning of the visual aid in the title, caption, lines, numbers, or colorsAnd activate prior knowledge as it relates to the subject
Identify the main idea of the graphic in the third step.
Plug the important matter into the chapter in the fourth stepConsider how the visual aid relates to the main ideas of the chapter or article
In the last step, see if you can explain the visual to another person or just explain it aloud to yourself if no one is available.
PRSR Strategy PRSR阅读策略
PRSR stands for preview, read, self-test, and reviewText organization, paraphrasing, and self-evaluation are stressed in PRSR strategy.
In previewing stage, read the title, introduction, the headings and subheadings to determine the main ideas covered in the textExamine the illustrations for additional informationLook at the words in italics or bold printRead the summary and then skim any review questions or discussion questions at the end of the chapter
In reading stage, form the headings into questions and then read with the goal of answering those questionsIdentify important points by underlining or taking notesClarify meanings further with visual imagery
In Self-testing step, monitor understanding by answering self-made questions as well as review and discussion questions at the end of the chapter without referring to the textUse summaries to organize important informationTry explaining key ideas and concepts to another person
For reviewing check answers to review questions against the textReconsider information that was forgotten or misunderstoodRepeat the self-test and review stages until the material is masteredThen review periodically to keep the information in long-term memory
PROR Strategy PROR阅读策略
The PROR Strategy involves pre-reading, reading, organizing and reviewing
In pre-reading stage, use the title, headings, introduction, and summary to form questions to guide readingRecall prior knowledge related to the subject to form more questions
In the second stage, read with the goal of answering the questionsAnnotate key concepts, supporting details, and examplesConsider how illustrations relate to the text
In organizing stage, develop rehearsal strategies to organize the important information and commit it to memoryAnswer the questions aloudCompare the text to lecture material
Last, reduce the information to the bare essentialsTarget the information that was unclearTalk through the material to yourself or another student
PARTS Strategy PARTS阅读策略
The PARTS strategy is a five-step procedure that guides students in carefully reading an assignment in order to enhance learningThe five steps are: to perform goal setting, to analyze little parts, to review big parts, to think of questions you hope will be answered, and last, to state relationships
For the perform goal setting stage, consider the reason you are analyzing the text parts.
In analyzing little parts stage, divide the text into parts, such as title, headings, visuals, and wordsAnalyze one part at a timeExplain the information included in each partThen, based on one part, predict what the next part will discussAfter reading all parts, tie them together.
During the review big parts stage, review the introduction and summary of the textSearch for signal words, such as "the most important" or "the purpose is," that indicates the main ideasDecide what the author's main goal or purpose isRelate the new information to knowledge you have already read about the subjectParaphrase the main ideas into your own words
In the think of questions you hope will be answered stage, identify your own questions based on titles and headings, previous knowledge, and predictionsCheck the questions at the end of the text
For the last stage, state relationships, consider how the text relates to other texts in the unitConsider how the text relates to the course objectives indicated on the syllabusConsider how the text relates to what you already know about the subject
DISSECT Strategy DISSECT阅读策略
DISSECT stands for discover the word's context, isolate the prefix, separate the suffix, say the stem or root word, examine the stem or root word, check with someone, and try the dictionaryIt is a word identification strategy
It emphasizes the systematic analysis of a word using context and word element clues
CSSD Strategy CSSD阅读策略
The CSSD strategy is a four-step procedure combining a number of appro